@article {3888,
	title = {Sex mosaics in a male dimorphic ant <i>Cardiocondyla kagutsuchi</i>},
	journal = {Naturwissenschaften},
	volume = {96},
	year = {2009},
	note = {Part of FORMIS 09; from-DPW, },
	month = {January, Publish},
	pages = {49-55},
	abstract = {*[We studied gynandromorphy in the Malaysian ant Cardiocondyla kagutsuchi, which has sex mosaics of queens (gynandromorphs; mosaic of queens and winged male) and workers (ergatandromorphs; mosaic of worker and wingless ergatoid male).  These sex mosaics were classified into 7 morphological categories.  Most individuals had more male than female body areas.  Behavioral observations revealed that sex mosaics behave more in accordance with the {\textquoteright}sex{\textquoteright} of their brain than that of the reproductive organs (gaster).  Relative DNA quantities showed that both female \& male regions contained haploid \& diploid nuclei, irrespective of their phenotypic appearance, indicating that external appearance did not reflect internal tissues.  Nearly one third of the adults were sex mosaics \& they were not infected with Wolbachia.  Our results suggest that the production of sex mosaics in this species does not pose a substantial cost to colonies \& that the underlying causes are therefore not strongly selected against.]},
	author = {Yoshizawa, J. and Mimori, K. and Yamauchi, K. and Tsuchida, K.}
}
@article {3889,
	title = {Decision-making conditions for intra- or inter-nest mating of winged males in the male-dimorphic ant <i>Cardiocondyla minutior</i>},
	journal = {Insect. Soc.},
	volume = {58},
	number = {4},
	year = {2011},
	note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: 819JKTimes Cited: 0Cited Reference Count: 37Yoshizawa, J. Yamauchi, K. Tsuchida, K.},
	month = {Nov},
	pages = {531-538},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Only winged male and female ants generally mate through nuptial flight during the reproductive season. In the ants of Cardiocondyla, the males show wing dimorphism and their reproductive strategies differ depending on the differences in wing morphology. It has been suggested that wingless "ergatoid" males bearing very similar external morphologies to workers mate within natal nests, whereas winged males bearing typical ant male morphology disperse from their nests to mate. However, some behavioral observations suggest that the winged males of some Cardiocondyla ants such as C. obscurior and C. minutior may mate within natal nests before dispersion. We evaluated the factors affecting the mating behaviors of the winged males of C. minutior under laboratory conditions. We found that (1) the winged males remained and mated with virgin females in natal nests when either virgin winged females or the relatively mature pupae of winged females (i.e., at least 10 days) were present in the nest, (2) the winged males dispersed to adjacent nests with virgin winged females when only mated queens and the relatively young pupae of winged females (i.e., < 9 days) were present in the nest, and (3) all winged males were accepted by the workers of non-natal nests irrespective of the distance from the natal nests in the field. Although most ergatoid males were accepted by the workers of close non-natal nests, they were all attacked and killed by the workers of distant non-natal nests. These results suggest that intra-nest mating and the dispersion of the winged males of C. minutior are facultatively determined by the condition of winged females (virginity and relative pupal age) in natal nests. Furthermore, our results suggest that winged males are likely to seek mating partners chemically and to mate with virgin winged females.},
	isbn = {0020-1812},
	author = {Yoshizawa, J. and Yamauchi, K. and Tsuchida, K.}
}
