@article {33450,
	title = {Toxicity of a boric acid-sucrose water bait to Solenopsis invicta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)},
	journal = {Journal of Economic Entomology},
	volume = {90},
	year = {1997},
	note = {Part of FORMIS 98; from Fire Ant Literature Database; from-DPW, verified-DPW, USDA-CMAVE M-3130; from NAL{\textquoteright}S AGRICOLA.},
	pages = {488-491},
	abstract = {*[Less than 1\% boric acid baits in 10\% sucrose baits were effective with continuous exposure.]  Boric acid-sucrose water baits were evaluated in the laboratory for toxicity, consumption, and efficacy against the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren. Over the dosage range from 0.02 to 1.0\% boric acid, LC50s (95\% CL) ranged from 1.27\% (1.05-3.88\%) at 3 d to 0.11\% (0.09-13\%) at 8 d. Amount of bait consumed was related inversely to the concentration of active ingredient. High concentrations of boric acid bait (5\%) were consumed at a lower rate than the control (10\% sucrose water). In large fire ant colonies exposed continuously to 4 concentrations (0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0\%) of boric acid bait, workers and brood were reduced by 90\% at 6 wk. Therefore, low concentrations of boric acid are necessary for delayed toxicity and reduced repellency.},
	author = {Klotz, J.H. and Vail, K.M. and Williams, D.F.}
}
@article {33438,
	title = {Control of a natural infestation of the pharaoh ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) with a corn grit bait of fenoxycarb},
	journal = {Journal of Economic Entomology},
	volume = {87},
	year = {1994},
	note = {Part of FORMIS 95; from NAL{\textquoteright}S AGRICOLA; from-DPW, verified-DPW, USDA-CMAVE M-2821.},
	month = {Feb.},
	pages = {108-115},
	abstract = {The insect growth regulator fenoxycarb was very effective against a natural infestation of the Pharaoh ant, Monomorium pharaonis (L.). A large building (7,841 m2) containing four separate wings was used to evaluate two concentrations of fenoxycarb (0.5 and 1\%) in oil on a corn grit bait. Raid Max Ant Bait was used as a standard for comparative purposes. A separate wing was used for each treatment. One wing received no bait and functioned as a control. Our study demonstrated that 0.5\% fenoxycarb in peanut butter oil was more effective than a 1\% fenoxycarb bait and Raid Max Ant Bait; this treatment completely eliminated the ants < 6 wk after treatment. Reinfestation in the 0.5\% fenoxycarb-treated wing occurred 24 wk after treatment and only at two sites in the area treated. Although Raid Max eliminated the ants < 6 wk after treatment, reinfestation occurred at 12 and 14 wk after treatment. Raid Max baits were applied again at 12 and 14 wk; no ants were detected in this wing after the 14-wk treatment.},
	author = {Williams, D.F. and Vail, K.M.}
}
@article {33427,
	title = {Effects of Amdro on the red imported fire ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) and some nontarget ant species and persistence of Amdro on a pasture habitat in North Carolina},
	journal = {Journal of Economic Entomology},
	volume = {77},
	year = {1984},
	note = {Part of FORMIS; from Fire Ant Literature Database; verified-DPW.},
	pages = {1012-1018},
	abstract = {*[A bait, Amdro, containing the toxicant AC217,300 (tetrahydro-5,5-dimethyl-2(1-H)-pyrimidinone[3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1[2-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]ethyl]-2-propenylidene]hydrazone), was tested for efficacy against the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren, in a pasture in southeastern North Carolina.  Significant differences in fire ant colony activity \& structure were found between treatment \& control populations following broadcast (1.7 kg [AI]/ha) \& single mound (= 5 tablespoons per mound) applications.  High numbers of incipient fire ant colonies were found in the treated areas of the pasture following the Amdro applications.  Deleterious effects on nontarget ant species were not detected.  Residues of Amdro were undetectable within 24 h of the broadcast application.  Because of the rapid reoccupation of treated areas by incipient colonies, multiple applications of Amdro will be required to achieve long-term suppression of S. invicta populations.]},
	author = {Apperson, C.S. and Leidy, R.B. and Powell, E.E.}
}
@article {33414,
	title = {Pheromone-Assisted Techniques to Improve the Efficacy of Insecticide Sprays Against Linepithema humile (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)},
	journal = {Journal of Economic Entomology},
	volume = {107},
	year = {2014},
	month = {Jan-02-2014},
	pages = {319 - 325},
	abstract = {<p>Outdoor residual sprays are among the most common methods for targeting pestiferous ants in urban pest management programs. If impervious surfaces such as concrete are treated with these insecticides, the active ingredients can be washed from the surface by rain or irrigation. As a result, residual sprays with fipronil and pyrethroids are found in urban waterways and aquatic sediments. Given the amount of insecticides applied to urban settings for ant control and their possible impact on urban waterways, the development of alternative strategies is critical to decrease the overall amounts of insecticides applied, while still achieving effective control of target ant species. Herein we report a \&ldquo;pheromone-assisted technique\&rdquo; as an economically viable approach to maximize the efficacy of conventional sprays targeting the Argentine ant. By applying insecticide sprays supplemented with an attractive pheromone compound, (Z)-9-hexadecenal, Argentine ants were diverted from nearby trails and nest entrances and subsequently exposed to insecticide residues. Laboratory experiments with fipronil and bifenthrin sprays indicated that the overall kill of the insecticides on Argentine ant colonies was significantly improved (57-142\% increase) by incorporating (Z)-9-hexadecenal in the insecticide sprays. This technique, once it is successfully implemented in practical pest management programs, has the potential of providing maximum control efficacy with reduced amount of insecticides applied in the environment.</p>
},
	issn = {00220493},
	doi = {10.1603/EC13262},
	url = {http://openurl.ingenta.com/content/xref?genre=article\&issn=0022-0493\&volume=107\&issue=1\&spage=319http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/esa/jee/2014/00000107/00000001/art00038},
	author = {Choe, Dong-Hwan and Tsai, Kasumi and Lopez, Carlos M. and Campbell, Kathleen}
}
