02330nas a2200169   4500008004100000245008700041210006900128260001800197300001200215490000700227520175300234100001401987700001402001700001302015700001302028856011902041       2007                        eng d00aPolydomy in ants: what we know, what we think we know, and what remains to be done0 aPolydomy in ants what we know what we think we know and what rem  cFebruary 2007  a319-3480 v903 a<p>The correct identification of colony boundaries is an essential prerequisite for empirical studies of ant behavior and evolution. Ant colonies function at various organizational levels, and these boundaries may be difficult to assess. Moreover, new complexity can be generated through the presence of spatially discrete subgroups within a more or less genetically homogeneous colony, a situation called polydomy. A colony is polydomous only if individuals (workers and brood) of its constituent nests function as a social and cooperative unit and are regularly interchanged among nests. This condition was previously called polycalic, and the term polydomy was used in a broader sense for a group of daughter nests of the same mother colony (implying limited female dispersal), without regard to whether these different nests continued to exchange individuals. We think that this distinction between &#39;polycaly&#39; and &#39;polydomy&#39; concerns two disparate concepts. We thus prefer the narrower definition of polydomy, which groups individuals that interact socially. Does this new level of organization affect the way in which natural selection acts on social traits? Here, after examining the history of terms, we review all ant species that have been described as expressing polydomous structures. We show that there is no particular syndrome of traits predictably associated with polydomy. We detail the existing theoretical predictions and empirical results on the ecology of polydomy, and the impact of polydomy on social evolution and investment strategies, while carefully distinguishing monogynous from polygynous species. Finally, we propose a methodology for future studies and offer ideas about what remains to be done.</p>
1 aDebout, G1 aSchatz, B1 aElias, M1 aMckey, D  uhttps://antkey.myspecies.info/en/content/polydomy-ants-what-we-know-what-we-think-we-know-and-what-remains-be-done01942nas a2200133   4500008004100000245006100041210005800102300001200160490000700172520150700179100001201686700001801698856009201716       2008                        eng d00aExotic ants in The Netherlands (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)0 aExotic ants in The Netherlands Hymenoptera Formicidae  a121-1290 v683 a<p>*[Exotic ants in The Netherlands are examined, mainly based on interceptions by the Plant Protection Service, recent investigations in botanical gardens &amp; zoos, &amp; revision of collection material. A total of 76 species could be identified. At ports of entry, 39 species have been intercepted, that are not reported from any establishment in the country. Thirty-seven species got established indoors, 23 temporarily &amp; 14 locally. Most frequently encountered is Monomorium pharaonis, followed by Linepithema humile, Tapinoma melanocephalum, &amp; Technomyrmex albipes. The latter is now the most common species in botanical gardens and zoos, where it replaced Paratrechina longicornis &amp; L. humile. Many exotic species are temporary, due to pest control or environmental changes. Better hygiene in houses &amp; increased pest control prevented local establishment in the last decades, despite the increasing number of introductions. Moreover, most exotics are poor colonizers &amp; not able to settle and/or spread after arrival. Up till now, all these introductions did not have any influence on the outdoor ant fauna. The only exotics rarely encountered outdoors are Camponotus vagus, Crematogaster scutellaris, Plagiolepis taurica, &amp; Lasius emarginatus. They settled locally &amp; give no indication of spread to other locations.] In text &amp; table 2, Myrmicinae misselled Myrmecinae. Leafcutter &amp; fire ants are only quarantine interceptions or temporary infestations.</p>
1 aBoer, P1 aVierbergen, B  uhttps://antkey.myspecies.info/en/content/exotic-ants-netherlands-hymenoptera-formicidae