02785nas a2200277 4500008004100000022001300041245010500054210006900159260001600228300001400244490000700258520198100265653000902246653001402255653001702269653002302286653001902309653001402328653001402342653001302356653001402369653002002383653001502403100002302418856006602441 2008 eng d a1055790300aUnraveling the evolutionary history of the hyperdiverse ant genus Pheidole (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)0 aUnraveling the evolutionary history of the hyperdiverse ant genu cJan-07-2008 a224 - 2390 v483 a

Pheidole is currently the most species rich genus of ants in the world, with many taxa still awaiting description. In this study, I reconstruct the phylogeny of Pheidole using molecular characters from three mitochondrial genes and two nuclear genes for ∼140 species. The phylogenetic relationships of Pheidole are investigated with special interest in understanding factors that may have led to their remarkable diversity. The results presented here establish a framework for understanding the explosive radiation of this group by providing (1) a phylogenetic estimate, and (2) a comparative analysis of life history traits that are likely to have been important in the diversification of the group. In all analyses, Pheidole is recovered as a monophyletic lineage, and molecular clock estimates infer an age of 58.4–61.2 million years ago (Ma) for crown group members of the genus. Using an estimate of diversification rate, it appears that Pheidole has undergone 0.108–0.103 speciation events per million years. Previous hypotheses of species groups were largely not upheld in the analyses presented here. Workers of the genus Pheidole are dimorphic with a minor and major (soldier) subcaste. A third subcaste of super majors is known in eight species of Pheidole and this trait was found to have arisen multiple times throughout the phylogeny. Seed harvesting is common among species of the genus and is thought to be one of the factors leading to the diversification of the group, but additional data will be required to further test this hypothesis. To address biogeographic questions on the origin of the genus, both New and Old World species were included in these analyses, and the results suggest that Pheidole is New World in origin with a possible single introduction into the Old World.

10aAnts10aDimorphic10aHyperdiverse10aHypothesis testing10aKey innovation10aNew World10aOld World10aPheidole10aPhylogeny10aSeed harvesting10aTrimorphic1 aMoreau, Corrie, S. uhttp://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S105579030800060200623nas a2200169 4500008004100000245011400041210006900155300001200224490000700236100001500243700001300258700001400271700001500285700001200300700001200312856012900324 2008 eng d00aOptimizing pitfall sampling for the detection of argentine ants, Linepithema humile (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)0 aOptimizing pitfall sampling for the detection of argentine ants  a461-4720 v511 aStanley, M1 aWard, D.1 aHarris, R1 aArnold, G.1 aToft, R1 aRees, J uhttps://antkey.myspecies.info/en/content/optimizing-pitfall-sampling-detection-argentine-ants-linepithema-humile-hymenoptera01412nas a2200133 4500008004100000245007500041210006900116300001200185490000700197520092800204100001801132700002101150856010701171 2008 eng d00aThe argentine ant: challenges in managing an invasive unicolonial pest0 aargentine ant challenges in managing an invasive unicolonial pes a231-2520 v533 a*[The Argentine ant, Linepithema humile, has invaded urban, agricultural, and natural habitats worldwide, causing economic damage & disrupting ecosystem processes. Introduced populations of L. humile & those of many other invasive ants tend to be unicolonial, forming expansive, polygynous super-colonies that dominate native ant communities & challenge control practices.Argentine ant management typically entails the application of residual insecticide liquids, granules, or baits to only a portion of the colony, resulting in fairly rapid reinfestation. We suggest that prevailing control methodologies are incomplete & not compatible with the behavior, nesting habits, & population structure of this ant. Therefore, more aggressive management strategies are required. Successful eradication efforts, against other invasive unicolonial ant species, can provide useful insights for local-scale L. humile eradication.]1 aSilverman, J.1 aBrightwell, R.J. uhttps://antkey.myspecies.info/en/content/argentine-ant-challenges-managing-invasive-unicolonial-pest-001675nas a2200241 4500008004100000022001400041245007500055210006900130260000900199300001100208490000700219520096400226653001601190653001201206653000901218653002601227653001901253653001701272653001501289100002101304700002901325856007901354 2008 eng d a0066-417000aThe Argentine ant: challenges in managing an invasive unicolonial pest0 aArgentine ant challenges in managing an invasive unicolonial pes c2008 a231-520 v533 a

The Argentine ant, Linepithema humile, has invaded urban, agricultural, and natural habitats worldwide, causing economic damage and disrupting ecosystem processes. Introduced populations of L. humile and those of many other invasive ants tend to be unicolonial, forming expansive, multiqueened supercolonies that dominate native ant communities and challenge control practices in managed habitats. Argentine ant management typically entails the application of residual insecticide liquids, granules, or baits to only a portion of the colony, resulting in fairly rapid reinfestation. We suggest that prevailing control methodologies are incomplete and not compatible with the behavior, nesting habits, and population structure of this ant, and therefore, more aggressive management strategies are required. Successful eradication efforts against other invasive unicolonial ant species can provide useful insights for local-scale L. humile eradication.

10aAgriculture10aAnimals10aAnts10aCost-Benefit Analysis10aInsect Control10aInsecticides10amanagement1 aSilverman, Jules1 aBrightwell, Robert, John uhttp://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.ento.53.103106.09345001632nas a2200205 4500008004100000020001400041245005800055210005800113260003200171300001200203490000700215520102400222100001701246700002501263700001501288700001901303700002101322700001701343856006601360 2008 eng d a0169-534700aGeographical and taxonomic biases in invasion ecology0 aGeographical and taxonomic biases in invasion ecology bElsevier Science Publishers a237-2440 v233 a

Invasive alien species come from most taxonomic groups, and invasion biology is searching for robust cross-taxon generalizations and principles. An analysis of 2670 papers dealing with 892 invasive species showed that all major groups of invaders are well studied, but that most information on the mechanisms of invasion has emerged from work on a limited number of the most harmful invaders. A strong geographical bias, with Africa and Asia understudied, inhibits a balanced understanding of invasion, because we might be lacking knowledge of specific invasion mechanisms from poorly studied, regionally specific habitats. International cooperation is required to achieve a more geographically balanced picture of biological invasions. Invasive species with the greatest impact are best studied, but more studies of species that are naturalized but not (yet) invasive are needed to improve understanding of the mechanisms acting during the naturalization phase of invasions and leading to successful invasion.

1 aPyšek, Petr1 aRichardson, David, M1 aPergl, Jan1 aJaroaík, Vojt1 aSixtová, Zuzana1 aWeber, Ewald uhttp://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S016953470800096702077nas a2200145 4500008004100000245008100041210006900122260001800191300001200209490000700221520155700228100001201785700001601797856011801813 2008 eng d00aInvasive ants in Australia: documented and potential ecological consequences0 aInvasive ants in Australia documented and potential ecological c cNovember 2008 a275-2880 v473 aA growing number of species are being transported and introduced by humans to new locations and are establishing self-sustaining populations outside their native ranges. Since ants play many ecological roles, introduction of an invasive ant species, and subsequent disruption of Australia's rich and abundant native ant fauna, has the potential for numerous adverse consequences. Over 6700 ants representing 105 species from 73 genera have been intercepted at Australian ports of entry in the last 20 years and all six of the world’s most destructive invasive ants have become established in the country. Here we review the current and potential consequences of these ants on Australia's natural and agricultural environments. To date, several studies, most involving the big-headed ant, Pheidole megacephala, and the Argentine ant, Linepithema humile, have documented a decline in native ant species richness. The displacement of native ants by these invaders could have multiple consequences for the native flora and fauna. Since few of these have been investigated in Australia, we combine knowledge from invasions elsewhere, the ecology of the interactions, and data on current and predicted geographic ranges of introduced ants to hypothesize about likely indirect effects of invasive ants in Australia. Further investigations that are aimed at testing these predictions will also aid in justifying and prioritizing national prevention and control efforts, and will contribute to some of the long-standing questions about ant invasions globally.1 aLach, L1 aThomas, M L uhttps://antkey.myspecies.info/en/content/invasive-ants-australia-documented-and-potential-ecological-consequences00635nas a2200097 4500008004100000245026000041210006900301260001500370100001600385856013600401 2008 eng d00aPIAkey: Identification guide to ants of the Pacific Islands, Edition 2.0, Lucid v. 3.4. USDA/APHIS/PPQ Center for Plant Health Science and Technology and University of California — Davis. October 8, 2011. Winged and wingless males coexist in the ant Cardiocondyla obscurior. Wingless (ergatoid) males never leave their maternal colony and fight remorselessly among each other for the access to emerging females. The peaceful winged males disperse after about 10 days, but beforehand also mate in the nest. In the first 5 days of their life, winged males perform a chemical female mimicry that protects them against attack and even makes them sexually attractive to ergatoid males. When older, the chemical profile of winged males no longer matches that of virgin females; nevertheless, they are still tolerated, which so far has been puzzling. Contrasting this general pattern, we have identified a single aberrant colony in which all winged males were attacked and killed by the ergatoid males. A comparative analysis of the morphology and chemical profile of these untypical attacked winged males and the tolerated males from several normal colonies revealed that normal old males are still performing some chemical mimicry to the virgin queens, though less perfect than in their young ages. The anomalous attacked winged males, on the other hand, had a very different odor to the females. Our study thus exemplifies that the analysis of rare malfunctioning can add valuable insight on functioning under normal conditions and allows the conclusion that older winged males from normal colonies of the ant C. obscurior are guarded through an imperfect chemical female mimicry, still close enough to protect against attacks by the wingless fighters yet dissimilar enough not to elicit their sexual interest.

1 aCremer, S1 aD'Ettorre, P1 aDrijfhout, F P1 aSledge, M F1 aTurillazzi, S1 aHeinze, J uhttps://antkey.myspecies.info/en/content/imperfect-chemical-female-mimicry-males-ant-cardiocondyla-obscurior01130nas a2200145 4500008004100000245006900041210006600110260000900176300001400185490000800199520064100207100001400848700002100862856010100883 2008 eng d00aSpecies diversity of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Louisiana0 aSpecies diversity of ants Hymenoptera Formicidae in Louisiana cNov. a1056-10660 v1013 a

More than four decades have passed since the completion of the checklist by Moser and Blum (1960) of the ants of Louisiana. This research represents a significant contribution to and an update of their work. This report is the first-ever comprehensive assessment of the formicid fauna of Louisiana. One hundred thirty-two species from 40 genera and nine subfamilies were found. Information on how Louisiana ant fauna compares to that of adjacent states and Nearctic fauna are provided. Interesting results include the identity of exotic and pestiferous species, missing species, species lost, and previously unreported species.

1 aDash, S T1 aHooper-Bùi, L M uhttps://antkey.myspecies.info/en/content/species-diversity-ants-hymenoptera-formicidae-louisiana01942nas a2200133 4500008004100000245006100041210005800102300001200160490000700172520150700179100001201686700001801698856009201716 2008 eng d00aExotic ants in The Netherlands (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)0 aExotic ants in The Netherlands Hymenoptera Formicidae a121-1290 v683 a

*[Exotic ants in The Netherlands are examined, mainly based on interceptions by the Plant Protection Service, recent investigations in botanical gardens & zoos, & revision of collection material. A total of 76 species could be identified. At ports of entry, 39 species have been intercepted, that are not reported from any establishment in the country. Thirty-seven species got established indoors, 23 temporarily & 14 locally. Most frequently encountered is Monomorium pharaonis, followed by Linepithema humile, Tapinoma melanocephalum, & Technomyrmex albipes. The latter is now the most common species in botanical gardens and zoos, where it replaced Paratrechina longicornis & L. humile. Many exotic species are temporary, due to pest control or environmental changes. Better hygiene in houses & increased pest control prevented local establishment in the last decades, despite the increasing number of introductions. Moreover, most exotics are poor colonizers & not able to settle and/or spread after arrival. Up till now, all these introductions did not have any influence on the outdoor ant fauna. The only exotics rarely encountered outdoors are Camponotus vagus, Crematogaster scutellaris, Plagiolepis taurica, & Lasius emarginatus. They settled locally & give no indication of spread to other locations.] In text & table 2, Myrmicinae misselled Myrmecinae. Leafcutter & fire ants are only quarantine interceptions or temporary infestations.

1 aBoer, P1 aVierbergen, B uhttps://antkey.myspecies.info/en/content/exotic-ants-netherlands-hymenoptera-formicidae02348nas a2200169 4500008004100000245010600041210006900147260002100216300001400237490000700251520171200258100001301970700002001983700002402003700001802027856013302045 2008 eng d00aThe invasive Yellow Crazy Ant and the decline of forest ant diversity in Indonesian cacao agroforests0 ainvasive Yellow Crazy Ant and the decline of forest ant diversit cDecember, 2008,  a1399-14090 v103 a

Throughout the tropics, agroforests are often the only remaining habitat with a considerable tree cover. Agroforestry systems can support high numbers of species and are therefore frequently heralded as the future for tropical biodiversity conservation. However, anthropogenic habitat modification can facilitate species invasions that may suppress native fauna. We compared the ant fauna of lower canopy trees in natural rainforest sites with that of cacao trees in agroforests in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia in order to assess the effects of agroforestry on occurrence of the Yellow Crazy Ant Anoplolepis gracilipes, a common invasive species in the area, and its effects on overall ant richness. The agroforests differed in the type of shade-tree composition, tree density, canopy cover, and distance to the village. On average, 43% of the species in agroforests also occurred in the lower canopy of nearby primary forest and the number of forest ant species that occurred on cacao trees was not related to agroforestry characteristics. However, A. gracilipes was the most common non-forest ant species, and forest ant richness decreased significantly with the presence of this species. Our results indicate that agroforestry may have promoted the occurrence of A. gracilipes, possibly because tree management in agroforests negatively affects ant species that depend on trees for nesting and foraging, whereas A. gracilipes is a generalist when it comes to nesting sites and food preference. Thus, agroforestry management that includes the thinning of tree stands can facilitate ant invasions, thereby threatening the potential of cultivated land for the conservation of tropical ant diversity.

1 aBos, M M1 aTylianakis, J M1 aSteffan-Dewenter, I1 aTscharntke, T uhttps://antkey.myspecies.info/en/content/invasive-yellow-crazy-ant-and-decline-forest-ant-diversity-indonesian-cacao-agroforests